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How will the world end? American poet T. Eliot about the end of the world. If you want a more definitive answer, you will find that physicists have spent many hours pondering this question, fitting the most accepted concepts into several categories.
How Will The Universe End
“In textbooks and cosmology classes, we learn that the universe has three basic futures,” says Robert Caldwell, a cosmologist at Dartmouth University in Hanover, New Hampshire.
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In one scenario, the universe could continue to expand, and all matter could eventually decay into energy known as “heat death,” Caldwell said. Otherwise, gravity could cause the universe to collapse again, causing a huge reverse bang called the Big Bang (which we’ll explain later). Or, dark energy could cause the expansion of the universe to accelerate faster and faster, causing a runaway process called the big rift. Is there a universal side?
Before discussing the end of the world, let’s come to its birth. Our current understanding is that time and space began at the Big Bang, when a submersible, super-hot, dense mass exploded outward. Once things cooled enough, the particles began to form large structures such as galaxies, stars, and all life on Earth. We are currently living about 13 billion years after the creation of the universe, but, due to the various circumstances of its demise, it is not known how long the universe will continue.
In the first case – where the universe succumbs to heat death – all the stars in the universe burn their fuel, most of them leaving dense remnants known as white stars and neutron stars. The most massive stars fall into a black hole. Although these animals are not always as strong as they are portrayed, given enough time, their enormous gravity pulls many objects into the fur where they swallow them whole.
Black holes are thought to emit a special type of emission called Hawking radiation, named after the late physicist Stephen Hawking, who first published the theory. The radiation actually destroys each black hole into a small particle, causing the hole to burn slowly. According to Kevin Pimblett, an astronomer at the University of Hull in England, in 10 to 100 years (that’s 100 years after zero), all black holes will disappear, leaving nothing but inert energy.
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Conversely, below the Big Bang, the gravitational pull of stars and galaxies will once again bind the universe together. This process takes place like a big bang that restarts, galaxies collide and merge, stars and planets collide, and eventually everything in the universe forms an infinite unity.
Such results give the world some temporal symmetry. “It’s fresh and clean,” Caldwell said. “It’s like going camping; Don’t leave anything out.’
The most likely end of the universe is known as the Big Bang. In this case, dark energy—a mysterious substance that acts against gravity—pulls everything together. The expansion of the universe is accelerating until distant galaxies are so far away from us that their light can no longer be seen. As the expansion increases, objects begin to disappear closer and closer to what Caldwell describes as “the wall of darkness.”
“The Milky Way will split, the solar system will split, let your imagination run wild,” he said. “Planets, finally atoms, then the universe itself.” What? what does a black hole look like?]
How Will The Universe End?
Because the properties of dark energy are not yet well understood, researchers do not know which of these conditions will dominate. Caldwell said he hopes that developing an observatory like the Wide Field Infrared Telescope (WFIRST) or the upcoming Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will help explain the nature of dark energy, and perhaps provide a better understanding. The end of the world.
The world has other amazing expectations of how to kick. According to the known laws of physics, the Higgs boson – the particle responsible for giving mass to all other particles – could one day destroy everything. After its discovery in 2012, the mass of the Higgs was found to be 126 times that of the proton. But in theory that population can change. Because the universe cannot exist in its lowest energy configuration right now. The entire universe can exist in what is called an unstable artificial vacuum, as opposed to a true vacuum. If the Higgs somehow decays to a lower mass, the universe will collapse into a low-energy true vacuum.
If the Higgs suddenly decays, with lower mass and different properties, everything else in the universe will be affected as well. Electrons can no longer orbit protons, atoms cannot. Likewise, photons can develop mass, which means that sunlight can feel like rain. It is not known if any species can survive in such conditions.
“I would classify this as a kind of environmental disaster in physics,” Caldwell said. “It doesn’t directly cause the world to die – it makes life crazy.”
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Adam Mann is a freelance reporter with over a decade of experience covering astronomy and physics stories. He received a bachelor’s degree in astronomy from UC Berkeley. His work has appeared in The New Yorker, The New York Times, National Geographic, Wall Street Journal, Wired, Nature, Science, and many others. He lives in Oakland, California and loves to ride his bike. In pictures: NASA’s Orion spacecraft returns new images of the moon as it heads into the unknown
Our deep observations of galaxies can reveal objects tens of billions of light-years away, but there are galaxies in the visible universe that we have yet to discover… [+] more galaxies. The most interesting thing is that there are parts of the world that are not visible today that will one day be known to us.
Although millions of years have passed since the Big Bang, there is a cosmic limit to how far we can observe the objects that make up the universe. The universe is always expanding, but the rate of expansion is slow and well measured. If we could calculate how far a photon fired during the Big Bang could travel, we would reach the maximum we can see in any direction: 46 billion light years.
This is the size of our visible universe, with about two trillion galaxies in various stages of evolution. But beyond that, there must be a world beyond what we can see now: an invisible world. By measuring the best part of what we can see, we know what is more and how much we can see and explore in a day.
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With a logarithmic scale, we can describe the whole universe, going back to the big bang … [+]. Although we cannot now see beyond the universe’s 46.1 billion light-year horizon, there will be much more of the universe to reveal itself to us in the future. The visible universe contains 2 trillion galaxies today, but as time passes, more and more universes will become visible to us.
The Big Bang tells us that at some point in the past, the universe was hotter, denser, and expanding faster than it is today. The stars and galaxies we see throughout the universe only exist the way they do because gravity pulls things together as the universe expands and cools. Over billions of years, gravity pushed generations of stars and galaxies to form, leading to the universe we see today.
Everywhere we look, in every direction we see a world that tells the story of a world like us. But part of the story is that the further we look, the further back in time we go. The universe never existed, forming stars and growing galaxies. According to the Big Bang and the observations that support it, the universe began.
The entire set of things that exist in the universe now come from the Big Bang. More… [+] Basically, the world we have exists only because of the properties of space and the laws of physics. Although the universe is expanding, the total world we can see is also increasing.
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